365 İnteresting İnformations For 365 Days

Karl Friedrich Benz, sometimes spelled as Carl, (November 25, 1844, Karlsruhe, – April 4, 1929, Ladenburg, Germany) was a German engine designer and automobile engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile and pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer, Mercedes-Benz. Other Germ...an contemporaries, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach working as partners, also worked on similar types of inventions, without knowledge of the work of the other, but Benz patented his work first and, after that, patented all of the processes that made the internal combustion engine feasible for use in automobiles. In 1886 Benz was granted a patent for his first automobile.

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A dust storm or sandstorm is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions. Dust storms arise when a gust front blows loose sand and dust from a dry surface. Particles are transported by saltation and suspension, causing soil erosion from one place and deposition in another. The Sah...ara and drylands around the Arabian peninsula are the main source of airborne dust, with some contributions from Iran, Pakistan and India into the Arabian Sea, and China's storms deposit dust in the Pacific. It has been argued that recently, poor management of the Earth's drylands, such as neglecting the fallow system, are increasing dust storms from desert margins and changing both the local and global climate, and also impacting local economies.

The term sandstorm is used most often in the context of desert sandstorms, especially in the Sahara, when, in addition to fine particles obscuring visibility, a considerable amount of larger sand particles are blown closer to the surface. The term dust storm is more likely to be used when finer particles are blown long distances, especially when the dust storm affects urban areas.

As the force of wind passing over loosely held particles increases, particles of sand first start to vibrate, then to saltate ("leap"). As they repeatedly strike the ground, they loosen smaller particles of dust which then begin to travel in suspension. At wind speeds above that which causes the smallest to suspend, there will be a population of dust grains moving by a range of mechanisms: suspension, saltation and creep.

A recent study finds that the initial saltation of sand particles induces a static electric field by friction. Saltating sand acquires a negative charge relative to the ground which in turn loosens more sand particles which then begin saltating. This process has been found to double the number of particles predicted by previous theory.

Particles become loosely held mainly due to drought or arid conditions, and wind has varied causes. Gust fronts may be produced by the outflow of rain-cooled air from an intense thunderstorm, or they may represent a dry cold front, that is, a cold front that is moving into a dry air mass and is producing no precipitation. This is the type of dust storm which was common during the Dustbowl years in the U.S. Following the passage of a dry cold front, convective instability resulting from cooler air riding over heated ground can maintain the dust storm initiated at the front. In desert areas, dust and sand storms are most commonly caused by either thunderstorm outflows, or by strong pressure gradients which cause an increase in wind velocity over a wide area. The vertical extent of the dust or sand that is raised is largely determined by the stability of the atmosphere above the ground as well as by the weight of the particulates. In some cases, dust and sand may be confined to a relatively shallow layer by a low-lying temperature inversion. In other instances, dust (but not sand) may be lifted as high as 20,000 feet (6,100 m) high.

Drought and wind contribute to the emergence of dust storms, as do poor farming and grazing practices by exposing the dust and sand to the wind.

Dryland farming is also another cause of dust storms, since dryland farmers rely on rainfall to water their crops, they engage in practices to maintain moisture in the soil. Such practices include leaving a field fallow for a year after harvesting to allow the buildup of water to build in the soil and covering the field with dry earth in an attempt to seal in the underlying.These practices make dryland agriculture susceptible to dust storms. These methods are used by farmers in eastern Washington, an arid region
A sandstorm can move whole sand dunes. Dust storms can carry large amounts of dust, so much so that the leading edge of one can appear as a solid wall of dust as much as 1.6 km (1 mile) high. Dust and sand storms which come off the Sahara Desert are locally known as a simoom or simoon (sîmūm, sîmūn). The haboob (həbūb) is a sandstorm prevalent in the region of Sudan around Khartoum; storms are very common around Khartoum every summer. When it happens you can't see anything but a wall of sand covering your view.

The Sahara desert is a key source of dust storms, particularly the Bodélé Depression and an area covering the confluence of Mauritania, Mali, and Algeria.

Saharan dust storms have increased approximately 10-fold during the half-century since the 1950s, causing topsoil loss in Niger, Chad, northern Nigeria, and Burkina Faso. In Mauritania there were just two dust storms a year in the early 1960s, but there are about 80 a year today, according to Andrew Goudie, a professor of geography at Oxford University.[6][7] Levels of Saharan dust coming off the east coast of Africa in June (2007) were five times those observed in June 2006, and were the highest observed since at least 1999, which may cool Atlantic waters enough to slightly reduce hurricane activity in late 2007.

Dust storms have also been shown to increase the spread of disease across the globe. Virus spores in the ground are blown into the atmosphere by the storms with the minute particles then acting like urban smog or acid rain.

Architect and designer, Antoni Gaudi is the most internationally prestigious figure in spanish architecture.
Born in Reus, in Catalonia, he graduated in Barcelona in 1878 and this
city became the center of his activities. One important aspect is his
capacity as designer.
This led him to create, in close collaboration with some of the very
fine artisans of his time, all those elements making up architectural
space - wrought iron, furniture, stained glass, sculptural work,
mosaics, ceramics and so on - within an organic concept of decoration
and with the integration of these elements into the construction
process.
The sea landscape was one of his most preferred inspirations.

In his own time, Gaudi was both admired and criticised for the audacity and singularity of his innovative solutions.

First Movie Panic!! Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat (The Lumière Brothers, 1895)

The film is associated with an urban legend
well-known in the world of cinema. The story goes that when the film
was first shown, the audience was so overwhelmed by the moving image of
a life-sized train coming directly at them that people scr...eamed and ran
to the back of the room. Hellmuth Karasek in the German magazine Der Spiegel
wrote that the film "had a particularly lasting impact; yes, it caused
fear, terror, even panic." However, some have doubted the veracity of
this incident such as film scholar and historian Martin Loiperdinger in his essay, "Lumiere's Arrival of the Train: Cinema's Founding Myth".[2]
Whether or not it actually happened, the film undoubtedly astonished
people in the audience who were unaccustomed to the amazingly realistic
illusions created by moving pictures. The Lumière brothers clearly knew
that the effect would be dramatic if they placed the camera on the
platform very close to the arriving train.[citation needed] Another significant aspect of the film is that it illustrates the use of the long shot to establish the setting of the film, followed by a medium shot, and close-up.
(As the camera is static for the entire film, the effect of these
various "shots" is affected by the movement of the subject alone.) The
train arrives from a distant point and bears down on the viewer,
finally crossing the lower edge of the screen.
What most film histories leave out is that the Lumière Brothers were
trying to achieve a 3D image even prior to this first-ever public
exhibition of motion pictures. Louis Lumière eventually re-shot
L’Arrivée d’un Train with a stereoscopic film camera and exhibited it
(along with a series of other 3D shorts) at a 1935 meeting of the
French Academy of Science. Given the contradictory accounts that plague
early cinema and pre-cinema accounts, it's plausible that early cinema
historians conflated the audience reactions at these separate
screenings of L’Arrivée d’un Train. The intense audience reaction fits
better with the latter exhibition, when the train apparently was
actually coming out of the screen at the audience. But due to the fact
that 3D film never took off commercially as conventional 2D did,
including such details would not make for a compelling myth.[3]